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The Impact of Private Sector Investment in the Manufacturing Industry on Growth and Unemployment in Iraq for the Period 2004-2021
Saad Abd Ulkareem Hammad,
Ali Darub Kassar Al Hiyali
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
83-92
Received:
27 June 2023
Accepted:
14 July 2023
Published:
21 July 2023
Abstract: The research aims to measure the impact of private sector investment in the manufacturing industry on economic growth and unemployment in Iraq for the period 2004-2021. One of the most important reasons for conducting the research is to know the results that can be achieved by the participation of the private sector in the manufacturing industry, and were these results positive or negative? Therefore, decision-making will depend on these results. The use of econometric models and tests to clarify the effect, and the autoregressive distributed lag time (ARDL) model was applied. The results indicate that there is a co-integration relationship between private sector investment in the manufacturing industry ((PSI), gross domestic product (GDP) and unemployment (UN), Besides, there is a balancing relationship in the long run between the output of the manufacturing industry and GDP, and it has a significant effect at the probability level (1%), and it is associated with a direct relationship with it in the long term, an increase in the output of the manufacturing industry by 1% leads to an increase in the gross domestic product of about 0.210207, and it has been shown that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variable output of the manufacturing industry and the unemployment rate, and this effect was significant at the probability level of 1%, but towards Reversible in the long run, as an increase in output in manufacturing industries by 1% leads to a decrease in the unemployment rate by (2.29383).
Abstract: The research aims to measure the impact of private sector investment in the manufacturing industry on economic growth and unemployment in Iraq for the period 2004-2021. One of the most important reasons for conducting the research is to know the results that can be achieved by the participation of the private sector in the manufacturing industry, a...
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A Methodical Approach to Optimization and Application of a Standard Factor of Overhead Costs
Kulikova Tatyana Andreevna,
Kirikutsa Elena Gennadievna,
Sinyavin Vladimir Yurievich,
Bareeva Irkyam Adgamovna
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
93-104
Received:
5 May 2023
Accepted:
19 July 2023
Published:
1 September 2023
Abstract: Improvement of cost management methods is an urgent problem nowadays due to increasing size and share of overhead costs of enterprises in modern conditions. This paper proposes a methodical approach to overhead cost management to find a compromise between cost optimization and differentiation in terms of developing flexible standards that are connected with strategies and specific operating conditions of economic entities. The implementation of these tasks is based on studying the experience of applying and clarifying the category of overhead cost rationing, based on neoclassical and alternative evolutionary economic theories, the economy of the firm to calculate the overhead rate, and econometric methods for analyzing the cost factors of industrial enterprises. A developmental component of overhead costs was first distinguished in the proposed methodical approach. An algorithm to determine the effectiveness of the overhead cost standard factor in terms of compliance with the objectives of the enterprise has been developed. Practical recommendations for optimizing and using the features of the overhead cost standard factor to increase the efficiency of industrial enterprises have been offered. The use of the proposed methodological approach to standardizing overhead costs as a structural component of cost management systems based on norms will increase the reliability of implementing its following stages, develop well-founded norms that are adequate to the various goals of economic entities, focus attention on overhead costs, improve managerial accounting for economic entities, conduct flexible managerial policies, and productively carry out the managerial process.
Abstract: Improvement of cost management methods is an urgent problem nowadays due to increasing size and share of overhead costs of enterprises in modern conditions. This paper proposes a methodical approach to overhead cost management to find a compromise between cost optimization and differentiation in terms of developing flexible standards that are conne...
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The Effect of Micro-Credit on Rural Households’ Income in the Case of Sinana District, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
105-111
Received:
20 January 2023
Accepted:
1 August 2023
Published:
8 September 2023
Abstract: Rural credit is one of the tools used to combat poverty. Credit enables smallholder farmers to purchase agricultural tools and inputs when cash is scarce. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of access to credit on household’s income. Both primary and secondary data were utilized in this study. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive, inferential, and econometric techniques were applied for data analysis. The mean comparison test revealed that on average the total annual income of smallholder farmers who received credit was better than non-beneficiaries by 26,878.46 Ethiopian Birr per annum. Heckman's two-stage econometric model was fitted. The Wald chi-square test of independency of access to credit and total household income per annum (rho = 0) was tested and showed that there is a strong relationship between the two equations at a 1% significance level. Landholdings, membership to cooperatives and education attainment of household head were among the common underlying factors which affect access to credit and the level of household income statistically significantly at less than 5% significance level. Therefore, government and non-governmental institutions must expand credit services and solve the problem of credit rationing facing smallholder farmers in Ethiopia.
Abstract: Rural credit is one of the tools used to combat poverty. Credit enables smallholder farmers to purchase agricultural tools and inputs when cash is scarce. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of access to credit on household’s income. Both primary and secondary data were utilized in this study. Primary data was ...
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